After the election there will be many things to protest, no matter who wins. This is the time to figure out how to amplify our power and maximize the chance of winning victories.
To do that, we can start by freeing up the energy devoted to one-off protests, rallies and demonstrations. When I look back on the one-off protests I’ve joined over the years, I don’t remember a single one that changed anything. The really spectacular failure was the biggest protest in history, in February 2003. I joined millions of people around the world on the eve of George W. Bush’s war on Iraq. We did get a huge front-page headline in the New York Times, but Bush only needed to wait until we went home.
The Times said the protest indicated a “second global superpower,” but the Times was wrong. A one-off protest is for venting, not for exerting power. I realized even at the time that the protest wouldn’t prevent Bush’s war, because the protest’s leadership didn’t tell us what we could do next, and how we would escalate after that.
Bush had a plan to persist. We did not. The peace movement never recovered in the years since, despite the American majority’s fairly consistent opposition to the war. Because of the poor strategic choice to mount a one-off protest, discouragement and inaction followed.
What’s the alternative?
In order to build the kind of power that creates change you need a direct action campaign that harnesses a series of actions into an escalating sequence. Millions of Americans have participated in the past half-century in such campaigns: bus boycotts and lunch counter sit-ins, the Fight for $15, farmworkers, campus divestment campaigns on South African apartheid and fossil fuels, strikes against corporations, impeding mountaintop removal coal mining, blocking the U.S. plan to invade Nicaragua, preventing the completion of the Keystone XL pipeline. Despite this, most Americans don’t understand the difference between a protest and a campaign.
A campaign makes a demand and focuses on a specific target that can yield that demand: Taco Bell, a university administration, a bank, the city of Montgomery, Alabama, the federal government’s executive branch. The choice of target is ours, as well as the way we frame the issue and demand.
“Power Local Green Jobs,” the current campaign of Earth Quaker Action Team, or EQAT, frames the issue as one of racial and economic justice as well as fossil fuels. EQAT is targeting a local utility owned by the national energy corporation Exelon. The demand is a substantial leap for the utility, from less than 2 percent of solar energy presently to 20 percent in 10 years.
EQAT’s choice of demand illustrates how campaigns work: Campaigners usually demand something hard but winnable. EQAT defied conventional wisdom in its first campaign by going after the seventh-largest bank in the United States and demanding that it stop financing mountaintop removal coal mining in Appalachia. EQAT succeeded, positioning the group to make an even bigger demand of PECO, the target of its current campaign.
Campaigns build movements
We might expect that the largest global peace protest in history would produce a mighty movement, but it didn’t. One-shot wonders, no matter how well publicized, rarely produce movements that get concrete wins. The typical protest is organizationally hollow, unsustainable, and not really a problem for the economic elite, which above all fears our staying power.
Campaigns are very different from protests because they are built for sustainability and escalation. The four Greensboro students — who ignited the civil rights sit-in movement on February 1, 1960 — did not plan their brave act as a one-off protest; they understood they could not desegregate the lunch counter without returning again and again, no matter how often arrested or beaten up. What’s more, these were black students, who knew full well that black people take extra risk of hard consequences when they do civil disobedience.
Each civil rights campaign had its target: a department store or restaurant or school board or bus company. As the Midwest Academy points out, a target is able to say “yes” to your demand. When a campaign inspires other campaigns, the sum of them becomes a movement. Today we see the same phenomenon: A cluster of campaigns related to a theme becomes a movement, like the fight for a living wage or against pipelines.
One reason why observers wonder if the Black Lives Matter activists have staying power is because it is unclear how many of the local protests against killings by police are transforming into genuine campaigns, with winnable demands, targets that can yield those demands, and a strategy for growth and escalation. Without that transformation, there is no reason to expect an increase in justice. Systemic abusive police practices, rooted in a culture of impunity, are impervious to expressions of outrage; it takes sustained power to force a real shift.
Movements can win even when some individual campaigns do not
Waging Nonviolence contributor Will Lawrence found encouragement when he analyzed the 1970s grassroots movement that stopped the 1 percent’s plan for a thousand U.S. nuclear power plants. Some large and widely-publicized campaigns failed to prevent the construction of particular nuclear plants, but the movement won anyway. That same record of campaign wins and losses operated in the civil rights movement and in the movement pressing for divestment from apartheid — and both movements scored substantial overall success. The analogy in military struggles is losing some battles, but winning the war.
At the time, campaign activists in a movement often understand this dynamic. They realize that, even though they cannot control whether they will win their own campaign, pushing hard locally counts toward winning the movement’s overall goal. That local understanding builds the power of the total movement because it motivates increased effort and smarter strategizing.
I can’t prove this yet, but I believe this dynamic also increases a movement’s yield of skilled and committed activists for the longer run. Dropping out of the larger struggle for change often happens when a particular movement ages out. Many participants move on, at least for a period. The long-term struggle for justice and peace benefits, however, from those who adopt an activist identity and join a new campaign, bringing with them the skills and experience that they earned previously. How does this activist identity emerge? While it’s hard to say precisely, I believe that it is far more likely to develop in a campaign than in a series of one-off protests.
Why are campaigns so effective for developing activists?
Campaigns give us feedback on how we’re doing. The impact of one-off protests is tough to measure, making it hard to see how we can improve to step up our game.
Campaigns are ongoing and therefore invite participants to play what strategist Bill Moyer called the four fundamental roles for social change. Organizers are attracted because they see potential for more growth in numbers. Helpers/community-builders are attracted because they see a need for mutual aid that builds sustainable activists. Advocates are attracted because they see the chance to interface with influencers and decision-makers in a way that gives campaigners leverage points they might otherwise miss. And rebels are attracted because a direct action campaign needs people unafraid of confrontation and conflict.
The campaign as a whole benefits from the presence of all four of these roles because the combination prevents one-sidedness and a danger of the campaigners forming a self-reinforcing “choir” that fails to reach its potential. The four roles together generate dynamism and edginess, developing future self-identified activists/cadres.
Campaigns more than protests benefit from training, and training develops activists for the longer run. Training incorporates new participants and meets specific needs, like ease in relating across barriers of race, class and gender. Training promotes a robust learning curve, essential for the campaign to win and also for leadership development for the future.
Can campaigns create movements that force a power shift?
In researching four countries for my new book “Viking Economics,” I found that the movements that forced power shifts were generated by campaigns. In the Norway of the 1920s and ‘30s, for example, campaigns waged by workers and family farmers, supported by middle-class allies, created a majoritarian movement that forced the economic elite out of its dominant place in directing the economy. The movement nonviolently made the country ungovernable through its disruptive power, and the 1 percent was forced to retire from its place at the top.
That power shift opened the space to create what economists call “the Nordic model,” an economy that virtually abolished poverty and promoted historical levels of individual freedom and equality — before Norway found oil. The other three countries I describe in my book – Sweden, Iceland and Denmark – lack the oil but have for decades played musical chairs in the top tier of international measures of justice and shared abundance.
Campaigns can and do generate movements with enormous power. The web-based Global Nonviolent Action Database contains over 1,100 campaigns, waged by people of many cultures, backgrounds and goals. The United States has its own legacy of powerful campaigns and a pool of hard-won skills in our population. It’s time to retire one-off protests, and step up to wins that can lay the foundation of a living revolution.
This is important. Three or four years go when the students here were against tuition increases, their expectation was that they’d get their way. And when it didn’t happen, they just had more marches. They didn’t have multiple things running, just kept stomping around every night. They got fair numbers out, but, it was a small percentage of the population. “We want it, we should get it” isn’t democratic. They didn’t grasp that the end goal was changing people’s minds.
A lot of people don’t grasp that Gandhi didn’t go on hunger strikes as a threat, but to try to convince others that the cause was important.
But petitions are seen the same way. In the internet age, it’s so simple, anyone can start a petition. But their biggest value isn’t the number of names collected, but getting out there to promote the cause. The name collecting is an excuse to be out there talking to people, something missing when people are merely pointing to a website that collects names.
Michael
I concur with your analysis. I have staged more demonstrations than I can count and some had one-time results(I forced Iowa DOT to redesign dangerous intersection), but I was denied my constitutional right to Confrontation in the Iowa Federal Court to seek justice for the families who lost loved ones’.
I have been a front lines political/union field organizer, since 1996. I have been walking and talking for grass root campaigns and have personally demonstrated that door to door campaigns for the most effective efforts. However, you must stay focused and committed from start to finish and never allow yourself to falter before the finish line. I delivered 68% in Iowa’s worst voting district SD33 where only 17% vote in the primary, and in Phoenix I ran for the State Senate LD10 where the Republicans had a 35% advantage and I walked and talked earning 44.1% against powerful incumbent. I ran for Congress in Iowa 2010/2012 knowing I wouldn’t stand a chance, but I would set an example for youth that anyone can run, I would demonstrate to the voters how screwed-up the elections system truly is, and I had the opportunity to express an independent view that was well received by most and I heard the local republicans were not happy that I was ignored and not permitted to participate in the debates. A radio DJ named Shawn a Libertarian said on his radio that Martin Monroe was not allowed to debate, because the Democrat and Republican Steve King refused to hold a debate if I was invited. So, I considered it a Test Study. I spent less than $5,000, ran part-time 3 days and dedicated 40% of my part-time wages, randomly knocked on 18,500 doors in each precinct, and received right about 10,000 votes. Those 18,500 voters were my universe and over 50% of them voted for me! This demonstrates that if I had a dedicated campaign team and adequate funding I could mount a credible challenge for Congress. One newspaper reporter in Spencer, Iowa had the personal courage to interview me, and wrote a fair article about me. He then was immediately fired and continues to be black balled in his career, as I have followed him on LinkedIn. I entered among a group of 350 LA Republicans who can to my mall in Phoenix in 2005 to speak out against Cindy Sheehan’s Peace efforts. I was a candidate for the legislature so I engaged three gentlemen and we actually were having a nice civil debate, until I realized all the TV crews had extended cameras overhead and we were live. I received many compliments on my live debate, but have been under police surveillance since, and more recently in my new home I have been identified an Imminent Threat by our government, because of my WORDS! Or as I prefer to call it My Free Speech. I had a web page for 8 years on Go Daddy, but during my campaign for Congress in 2012 a Democrat from Des Moines working at Go Daddy in the California HQ prevented me from paying to renewal my domain name, and then shut my web page down by sdlling off my domain name, and despite my complaints prior to his actions. My web materials is parking on word press let me know if you find anything on it that makes me a terrorist in our governments eyes!
Campaigns are best when they start around a local effort. They can go statewide or go national on a tactical basis but the strategic power of campaigns is within local relationship building and leadership development.
Think globally – Act locally (as they used to say)
Nathan Richard Sooy
Community and Political Organizer
I would like to join
Agree. But when we are compelled to show outrage in the streets “Power Marching: Demonstrations that Get Results” http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/57962e9de4b0e339c23f4b6c?timestamp=1479004871952
Great stuff George – and I love your book Viking Economics, which I’m recommending to others.
I really don’t agree with this premise. I come from a campaign-focused community organizing background but hate it when other organizers [or any other person] tell protestors their actions are not strategic or ineffective. Don’t tell people of color their anti-trump protest is “venting” or that our need to turn our anger into action is a waste of energy. Maybe you haven’t had to live the desperation and crippling fear of not knowing whether you will be forcibly removed from this country next year or if you and your family will have to register as Muslim or if you will be allowed to marry your same sex partner … or maybe you have but you’ve been fooled into believing that the nonprofit you work for has the best answer to organizing and you’ve forgotten that organizing is a part of our human nature, that fighting for our humanization is our ontological vocation (Freire) and that no one ever should be told they are fighting for their freedom wrong.
This is excellent! Where can I attend a workshop about building campaigns? Fhyre Phoenix