{"id":521,"date":"2019-02-26T14:44:31","date_gmt":"2019-02-26T14:44:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/dev2.wagingnonviolence.org\/fellowship-of-reconciliation\/?p=521"},"modified":"2019-04-17T19:23:20","modified_gmt":"2019-04-17T19:23:20","slug":"redlining-effects-slavery-act-heal-moral-injury","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wagingnonviolence.org\/forusa\/2019\/02\/redlining-effects-slavery-act-heal-moral-injury\/","title":{"rendered":"Redlining and the many effects of slavery: Are you willing to act to heal this moral injury?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Recent headlines reinforce how little progress has been made in terms of economic justice for African Americans. An exhaustive report<\/a>\n by the Center for Investigative Journalism examined current redlining \npractices that fuel gentrification. Combing through over 31 million \nmortgages, investigators found that bankers regularly sidestep the Fair \nHousing Act. They are more likely to provide loans to whites than to \nblack and brown people. Ta-Nehisi Coates\u2019 influential 2014 article in The Atlantic<\/em>, \u201cHow to Steal Things, Exploit People, and Avoid all Responsibility,\u201d<\/a>\n immediately comes to mind. In it he recounted the redlining and \npredatory lending of banks and the scummy practices of landlords toward \nblack tenants immediately after the end of the formal Jim Crow era. \nLittle or nothing has changed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Considering the countless stories \nof bias, I question what exactly is needed to reverse or at least halt \nthe economic devastation of communities, a devastation that often stops \ntemporarily in one locale and then morphs into something worse. We need \nmore than tears over injustice that sees middle class majority \ncommunities permitted to succeed while poor communities are engineered \nto fail. We need white accountability. What costs are white people \nwilling to bear to heal this moral injury?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa, however problematic, was a hard reset for that nation to begin grappling with the effects of its apartheid system under white minority rule. The Nuremberg Tribunal after World War II addressed the Jewish Holocaust. At that time, the U.S. and its allies required nations like Germany and Japan to create new constitutions including provisions on peace and human dignity, as well as education in those principles to insure their implementation. The U.S. has done nothing similar for itself. Our continuing American state of denial has brought us to constant war both abroad and at home. War abroad is perpetuated by exorbitant military spending. War at home is maintained by excessive policing budgets, racist immigration policies, and neo-Jim Crow era policies that allow banks to skirt the law. All this undermines fairness and human decency. A hard reset is needed. What actions might generate accountability for the unearned privileges in immigration policy, bank policy, and policing that the (current) white majority of Americans receive?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Calls for reparations for the slavery of African Americans continue to grow. In 2016 a U.N. panel\u2019s study, emerging from the United Nations Decade on People of African Descent, found that reparations are indeed owed to African Americans<\/a>. The University of Pennsylvania Law School recently hosted a conference on reparations<\/a>, and New York University\u2019s Institute for Public Knowledge has a series of ongoing conversations around the subject.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The\n traditional approach is legal. Nations like Jamaica and Namibia have \ndemanded reparations for Britain\u2019s and Germany\u2019s role in slavery and \ncolonialism, and black lawmakers in the United States (John Conyers, \nJohn Muhammad, and Marlon Kimpson) have introduced calls for studies and\n legislation. A different, grassroots, approach is exemplified by groups\n who are taking reparations into their own hands. Soul Fire Farm<\/a> works to challenge racism in the food supply chain, while Southern Reparations Loan Fund<\/a>\n supports startups that provide services to black communities in the \nSouth. Similarly, through a continuous struggle, a group of activists in\n Chicago was able to get financial reparations for victims of torture by the Chicago Police<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Most\n of us think of reparations as a direct transfer of money from the \ngovernment. The most recent calculations of what is owed to black people\n for slavery, colonialism, and their effects, according to Newsweek<\/em>,\n is in the trillions. However, many of the groups working against white \nresistance to monetary reparations have found that there are other \noptions, moral options that require us to look deeply at our shared \nhistory. Let\u2019s consider what the effects of this legacy are.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A brief history of an enormous moral injury<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
Slave trade ledger, 1854. (Wikimedia Commons)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Slavery\n and colonialism, which provided the capital in capitalism, framed and \ncreated the economic structure of the early U.S. economy and the \nindustry of Western Europe that made these places the economic \npowerhouses they are today. Meanwhile, according to acclaimed legal \nscholar Derrick Bell, the depraved state of slaves in the U.S. shaped \nthe idea of white identity, making even very poor whites believe \nthemselves superior to blacks. As a result, black people have \nhistorically been used to bring poor whites to the side of wealthy white\n elites.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The notorious 1917 race riots in East St. Louis were \nstarted by white workers, returning from World War I, who blamed blacks \nfor the low wages and loss of jobs they discovered when they got home. \nIn a recent Yes! Magazine<\/em> article<\/a>, my colleagues and I described how:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2026over\n 7,000 Black people fled for their lives and between 200 and 500 were \nmurdered by angry White gangs unhindered by authorities. The roots of \nthis travesty are familiar; the elite used working-class White \nfrustration to deflect their unwillingness to provide fair-labor \nenvironments, and Blacks and other people of color become targets.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The\n elite factory owners of course never spoke up to say, \u201cNo, it was us, \nwe hired those Blacks because we wanted to drive down wages!\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Similarly\n today, Black folks (and other people of color) have repeatedly been \nused to stoke the fire of public fear and keep poor working whites \nvoting for candidates and choosing public policies that are not in their\n interests. Ian Haney Lopez\u2019s book Dog Whistle Politics<\/em><\/a>\n describes how it works in detail. From this point of view, slavery, and\n all other forms of genocide, has all along been part of the \npacification of white immigrants to North America.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The list of \nthese moves is so long. They include farm subsidies (which Dr. Martin \nLuther King Jr. described as having their roots in the westward \nexpansion, the Trail of Tears making way for white settlers despite a \nU.S. Supreme Court decision to the contrary); convict leasing (which \nprovided free labor to white businesses after slavery); the rising \nprison population housed in rural facilities (employing entire white \ntowns); and current waves of gentrification in cities like Detroit, St. \nLouis, Los Angeles, and New York that still face redlining and unchecked\n predatory loan practices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Hermitage Plantation, Savannah, Georgia, about 1907. (Library of Congress)<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

To speak about reparations today, then, requires us to think about a deep and continuing moral harm. This harm began with the theft of people from their homelands in Africa followed by forced labor, rape, abuse, forced reproduction, experiments on black bodies, theft of ideas and inventions. Even after slavery was officially abolished, it essentially continued in the form of forced work, convict leasing, continued rape, race-based assaults and lynchings under the Jim Crow system. Likewise, after the formal end of Jim Crow, we see the continuation of segregation practices and policies in police killings of black people with no accountability; unequal education; murder and imprisonment of black activists and leaders; placing drugs in black communities followed by a \u201cwar on drugs\u201d that translated into war on black people and their communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The worst thing about the list of injustices I\u2019ve just shared is that I can\u2019t name them all, because we continue to learn the extent of the legacy of violence against African Americans. And Black people in the U.S. aren\u2019t the only ones affected by this legacy. There are so many other groups who have experienced the same kind of violence \u2013 for example, Latinos and Native Americans: basically, anyone non-white.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As if this weren\u2019t bad enough, each generation of those\n experiencing violence learns from the previous one and inherits \nintergenerational trauma. This trauma is more than just a succession of \nhorrifying stories. According to Dr. Joyce Degruw, the embodied stress \nof being black in this country affects us at the cellular level. In \naddition, the perpetration of unrelenting violence on a group of people \nhad to be justified with racial pseudo-science championed by religion, \nby the social sciences, by the humanities, and by academic institutions \nthat still exist and profit from their foundations in racism to this \nday. What makes this history so sad is that many still believe much of \nthis pack of lies that was peddled to white and non-white folk alike.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

And\n this is the very definition of moral injury: after each wrong, the \ninjustice of silencing. Over generations, such silence deeply impacts \npeople\u2019s perception of themselves and their life possibilities. The \ntrauma is systematic and ongoing. That there are still movements, people\n speaking out and successfully navigating systems of oppression, is a \ntestament to resilience and agency. Yet it is not enough. And a \npresident who uses racist insults, threats, and the encouragement of \nviolence to get elected is only a logical result of the \u201cunbegun\u201d \nbusiness of racial reconciliation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Can we ever truly heal the racial divide between Black (non-White) and White people? Yes we can.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I think.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Present material conditions, redlining, and gentrification<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The\n solutions required must emerge from and be shaped by a grassroots \napproach. They must be informed by an awareness of the legacy of violent\n colonization, an understanding of the lived reality of what most Black \nfolk experience, and a willingness of White folks and institutions to \nfollow Black leadership in our struggles.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Center for \nInvestigative Journalism\u2019s recent report on mortgages denied to Blacks \nand Latinos, cited above, examined over 31 million mortgage records in \n61 metro areas. It points out how banks under Obama, and now under \nTrump, have used the Fair Housing Act to drive gentrification. What \nshould have been a federally mandated program to help black people buy \nhomes is now being used by most banks \u2013 Chase, Santander, Wells Fargo \nand the list goes on \u2013 to provide loans to Whites who in many cases have\n worse credit and very little cash to put down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Pro Publica report entitled \u201cThe Color of Debt\u201d<\/a>\n describes the likelihood of bill collectors to go after black people as\n opposed to similarly situated whites, and the focus of law enforcement \non black communities instead of white communities that have more drug \ntraffic and crime. And while the public is deeply engaged with \naddressing mass school shootings, we have to remember how the response \nto Columbine was \u201czero tolerance\u201d policies that disproportionately \nimpact urban schools that Black and Latino Students are likely to attend\n \u2013 even though these demographics are far less likely to experience the \nkind of violence toward which \u201czero tolerance\u201d policies are supposedly \ndirected. Instead, such policies contribute to the school-to-prison \npipeline, since the higher proportion of Black students suspended and \nexpelled increases those students\u2019 chances of incarceration. In \naddition, Black students often face harsher discipline than their white \ncounterparts. Much of that has to do with teacher bias toward Black and \nLatino students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studies that report how little progress African \nAmericans have made in terms of home ownership and employment, and that \ndocument the increase of Black incarceration, do little to change the \nmind of many. Rather than attributing this lack of progress to racial \ndiscrimination, a disturbing percentage of White people believe Blacks \nare less intelligent and more criminal, sadly reinforcing a sense of \nmoral superiority that justifies awarding mortgages and employment \nopportunities to less qualified Whites. Grasping this vicious circle \nshould make White people question their sense that where they are and \nwhat they have is purely the result of their own hard work. It should \nmake them question the very notion of fairness.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To summarize: \nBlack and many non-white people are subjected to many injustices. These \ninjustices have a direct correlation to the privileges or justices white\n people benefit from. Let me repeat: Your privilege directly connects to\n a loss of possibility for safety or peace of mind or wealth building \nfor a non-white person.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The question that White people and majority institutions must answer is not whether or not they believe the evidence. It is what they are willing to do. Will you hire Black people to positions of authority, or offer them opportunities, contracts, internships in your own field of work? Studies show that Black people are still less likely to be hired, despite a few prominent Blacks in the public spotlight. If you believe in fairness, what kind of reparative justice are you willing to enact?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Understand that learning and knowing about these injustices is the very tip of the beginning. When the Truth Telling Project of Ferguson<\/a>\n shared the testimony of many activists and families who were victimized\n by police violence, many white people listened and were affected. Yet \ntheir emotion does not change our material conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The current\n material conditions of African Americans are extensions of slavery. \nCorresponding racial attitudes, and biases surrounding the maintenance \nof those attitudes, reach into every dimension of American life. Even if\n your parents immigrated to the U.S. and you are only a second \ngeneration citizen, if you are White you are more likely to receive a \nmortgage, a second mortgage, or a home improvement loan than I am \u2013 and \nmy family has been here for centuries. Your kids are less likely to be \nsuspended or encounter the criminal justice system than mine. You are \nsafer from police than my family and I.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The injustice you \nexperience exists, in part, because we live in an unjust nation. At \ntimes, that impacts us all. Yet all White people, even poor ones, share \nin the accountability due for the moral injury against Black folk (and \nother non-white folk) in the U.S. Did you get a mortgage in a \ngentrifying neighborhood? If so, what do you owe? To find out if banks \nare discriminating in your community, text LOAN to 202-873-8325. Then \nmake up your mind about what you are going to do.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Black communities need White accountability and action, not tears, in response to redlining and other structural oppressions.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":455,"featured_media":587,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27,42,43,77],"tags":[102,96],"region":[66],"series":[],"article_type":[],"class_list":["post-521","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-economic-justice","category-history","category-housing","category-racial-justice","tag-reparations","tag-united-states","region-north-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nRedlining and the many effects of slavery: Are you willing to act to heal this moral injury? - Fellowship Magazine<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Black communities need White accountability and action, not tears, in response to redlining and other structural oppressions, states 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