{"id":50531,"date":"2020-02-07T23:03:57","date_gmt":"2020-02-07T23:03:57","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/wagingnonviolence.org\/wri\/?p=50531"},"modified":"2020-03-04T17:25:20","modified_gmt":"2020-03-04T17:25:20","slug":"why-is-action-on-militarism-essential-to-action-on-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/wagingnonviolence.org\/wr\/2020\/02\/why-is-action-on-militarism-essential-to-action-on-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Why action on militarism is essential to action on climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Over  the last few weeks and months, grassroots activism has pushed climate  change into the media in the United Kingdom. In particular, the Extinction Rebellion  movement has spread from the UK to countries around the world, while  the youth strike actions initiated by Greta Thunberg have led to  thousands of young people leaving school to demand governments take  action on climate issues. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, the goals of groups like Extinction Rebellion and  the wider climate movement will be impossible to achieve without  simultaneously dismantling the increasingly militarized power structures  in our world, and that these require a similarly radical response as  climate change. This short article tries to set out how and why we need  to understand militarism and climate change as two sides of the same  coin \u2014 both intimately linked in the impact they have on our world,  driven, supported and maintained by the same power structures.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>What is militarism?<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Militarism is a key cause of many of the problems we face  today in our world. A militarized society is one that thinks of the  world as a dangerous place, with lots of perceived threats, and  considers violence or the threat of violence as a normal, rational, or  even preferred response to threats. A society is militarized when it  adopts the values and priorities of military bodies (i.e. strict  hierarchy and discipline, extreme violence is normalized, strict binary  gender norms) as its own. Militarism impact how we respond to conflict,  educate children and young people, spend money, understand gender, build  relationships, perceive threat, indeed, it impacts how we live our  lives&#8230; militarism is deeply entwined in all of our different societal  frameworks and structures, and we can see its impacts on every level &#8211;  from the personal to the international. Militarism is also deeply  coupled with capitalism; as we will explore in more detail later, states  often turn to militarized solutions when trying to sustain  exploitative, extractivist projects. This is much of War Resisters&#8217;  International&#8217;s work is focused on issues like conscription and  supporting conscientious objectors, resisting youth militarization, and  understanding how police forces are militarized.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why should we be talking about militarism in relation to \nclimate change? Surely both are complex enough to try and deal with, \nwithout bringing the two together?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If war is the tip of the iceberg we see when conflict \nbreaks out, militarism is what exists below the surface. A similar \n&#8220;iceberg&#8221; model can be used to try and get our heads around climate \nchange. If extreme weather events are what we see above the surface, \nthen the systemic (capitalist) and cultural drivers of climate change \n(and our lack of response) are hidden below the surface. Free market \ncapitalism, neoliberalism, colonialism, greed, indifference, ignorance, \npoverty, racism, exploitation\u2026 all of which are sustained, in different \nways and by varying degrees, by militarism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Climate change poses an existential threat and communities  around the world are already feeling the impacts of more extreme,  unpredictable weather. Groups like Extinction Rebellion, or XR, have  demanded much more radical action to avoid the worst impacts (in the UK,  XR have demand the government pushes for net zero carbon emissions by  2025, for example). This degree of change will require a rapid societal  transformation away from exploitative, carbon-intensive industry, and an  essential part of this process will be challenging and transforming the  militarized aspects of our lives. Quite simply, it is difficult to  understand how we will be able to achieve climate justice while our  states and societies remain militarized. Here are three reasons why.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1. Demands for radical transformation will face militarized responses<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Militarism isn&#8217;t just a key driver in climate change; we  also know that activists will face increasingly militarized responses as  their actions and demands escalate. When the water protectors at  Standing Rock blocked the Dakota Access Pipeline in late 2016 and early  2017, the police response was very violent, including tear gas and  pepper spray, automatic weapons, dogs, armored vehicles and mass  arrests. Amnesty International described police as &#8220;outfitted in gear  more suited for the battlefield&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Militarized responses to protest and demands for change are  witnessed all over the world &#8211; tear gas and other &#8220;less lethal&#8221; weapons  are now often a preferred response by many police forces around the  world. Though not directly linked to climate change, the intense  oppression witnessed during the &#8220;Arab Spring&#8221; illustrates how states are  willing and able to respond when facing demands for system change.  Professor Paul Rogers uses the term \u201cliddism\u201d to describe how states and  elites attempt to try and \u201ckeep the lid on things\u201d, preferring to use  violence or other means to maintain the status quo. One illustration of  this is the ever increasing for tear gas and other \u201cless lethal\u201d weapons  used by militarized police forces around the world (for an introduction  to tear gas and other weapons, check out Anna Feigenbaum\u2019s book \u201cTear  Gas: From the Battlefields of World War I to the Streets of Today\u201d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Militarism and climate change are inextricably linked with  racism and colonialism. In her critique of Extinction Rebellion, Minnie  Rahman <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/gal-dem.com\/this-is-what-extinction-rebellion-must-do-to-engage-with-people-of-colour-on-climate-justice\/\" target=\"_blank\">explains how arms companies see climate change<\/a>  as an opportunity rather than a threat, as borders become more  intensely militarized, and that people from indigenous communities are  routinely threatened and killed because of their activism, as states,  corporations, and paramilitary groups look to sustain the status quo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A key driver in all of these militarized responses is how  the military-industrial complex is itself understanding climate change.  In military circles, climate change is perceived as a security threat  that many involved in military planning are now factoring into their  analysis of conflict drivers in the future &#8211; as far back as 2003, the US  military described climate change as a \u201cthreat multiplier\u201d, which means  that they believe climate change will increase the impact of other  perceived threats.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Understanding climate change through the lens of the  military isn\u2019t helpful &#8211; just because climate change is recognized as a  problem doesn\u2019t mean that solutions will be equitable or just. As  described by <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2018\/jun\/04\/dont-turn-to-the-military-to-solve-the-climate-change-crisis\" target=\"_blank\">Nick Buxton<\/a>  in the Guardian, \u201cby framing climate change as a security matter\u2026 has  significant consequences in shaping how we respond to a warming planet.\u201d  One illustration of this is how borders are being militarized \u2014 rich  countries around the world are looking for ways to limit migration driven \u2014 in part &#8211; by climate change, and arms companies are quick to ensure they reap the profits from this militarization. If we allow  militarized solutions to exacerbate, communities most impacted by  climate change will continue to be treated as threats to be countered,  rather than people living in an oppressive system, from which they are  trying to protect themselves and their loved ones.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As pressures like food insecurity, mass migration,  competition over resources, lost employment opportunities, and other  factors increase, militarized responses will limit the potential for  climate justice, and so we need to undermine the militarized narrative  that drives militarized responses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2. Militarism poses a similar existential threat as climate change<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Another reason militarism and climate change are linked is  by their potential impact on humanity and the planet \u2014 both are  potential existential threats to humanity. The doomsday clock \u2014 a  project of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists \u2014 charts how close  humanity is to midnight (or \u201chow close we are to destroying our world  with dangerous technologies of our own making\u201d), and considers both  climate change and nuclear weapons in its analysis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nuclear weapons pose an increasing risk to humanity.  Tensions are escalating, and many nuclear armed states are upgrading  their weapons systems &#8211; for example, the United States has started production of a  low-yield \u201ctactical\u201d nuclear weapon that could make nuclear weapons  more \u201cusable\u201d, and risking rapid escalation to larger nuclear weapons.  The United States and Russia have recently pulled out of the Intermediate-Range  Nuclear Forces Treaty, which banned land-based<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ballistic_missile\" target=\"_blank\"> ballistic missiles<\/a>,<a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cruise_missiles\" target=\"_blank\"> cruise missiles<\/a>,  and missile launchers with ranges of 500\u20131,000 kilometers and led to  the removal of U.S. land-launched nuclear weapons in Europe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we\u2019re serious about avoiding extinction, then militarism\n poses a similar, existential threat to humanity and the natural world \nas climate change does.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3. The climate impact of the military<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Perhaps the most obvious reason why we need to think about  climate change in relation to climate change is the simple fact that the  military is a huge contributor to carbon emissions. The U.S. military is  the world&#8217;s single biggest user of petrol, but since the 1997 Kyoto  talks, the military has been exempted from required reductions in  greenhouse gas emissions &#8211; since then, none of the world\u2019s militaries  have been factored into negotiations on reducing carbon emissions, they  are given a free pass to continue to emit as many greenhouse gases as  they want.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As well as causing huge volumes of greenhouse gas  emissions, militaries also consume huge amounts of financial and human  resources that could be being used to respond to issues like climate  change. In 2017, global military expenditure was $1.7 trillion. In 2015,  the UK government allocated \u00a325 billion to the Ministry of Defense, but  <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/newint.org\/blog\/2015\/11\/19\/the-military-and-greenhouse-gas-emissions\" target=\"_blank\">only \u00a31.5 billion <\/a>to  the Department for Energy and Climate Change. Many of the nuclear armed  states are modernizing their nuclear weapons systems, locking in vast  amounts of money in future weapons spending. The logic is simple \u2014  wouldn&#8217;t this money, as well as all the skills and expertise of all the  engineers, programmers, designers, technicians, and other skilled  workers be better applied to combating climate change?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-paragraph\">\u2014<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Communities around the world, but especially in the  majority world, are already facing and responding to the direct impacts  of a climate-destabilized world, and states are turning to increasingly  militarized solutions as they try to find an answer to the climate  crisis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If we want a world radically transformed, with the values  of climate justice at the heart of that transformation, then this will  also require a similarly radical demilitarization, and it is impossible  to imagine a demilitarized world when the threats of climate change  continues to destabilize communities, economies. Both are intimately linked, and an end to either is reliant on effective responses to both. We know that genuine solutions to climate change need to be rooted in justice, and this will be impossible while the structures and systems  that drive climate change are supported and sustained by militarism.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The goals of the wider climate movement aren&#8217;t reachable without simultaneously dismantling the increasingly militarized power structures in our world.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":453,"featured_media":50544,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33,63],"tags":[20,36,101],"region":[34,68],"series":[],"article_type":[],"class_list":["post-50531","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-militarism","tag-climate-change","tag-fossil-fuels","tag-war","region-europe","region-north-america"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v28.3 (Yoast SEO v28.3) - 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